{"id":267,"date":"2015-03-05T19:33:00","date_gmt":"2015-03-05T18:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.carrieres.blog\/?p=267"},"modified":"2025-04-25T18:24:07","modified_gmt":"2025-04-25T16:24:07","slug":"pre-mortem-projects-careers-with-gary-klein","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/index.php\/2015\/03\/05\/pre-mortem-projects-careers-with-gary-klein\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Pre-mortem&#8221; your career with Gary Klein \/ Faites un Pre-mortem de votre carri\u00e8re avec Gary Klein"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>> Below is a podcast interview with Gary Klein (and a bit further down, my first two interviews with Gary on decision-making).<br>>> Vous trouverez ci-dessous une\u00a0<strong>interview de Gary Klein <\/strong>au format podcast (et un peu plus bas mes deux premi\u00e8res interviews de Gary sur les d\u00e9cisions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gary Klein est un psychologue et chercheur r\u00e9put\u00e9, que j&#8217;avais d\u00e9j\u00e0 interview\u00e9 pour son expertise sur les d\u00e9cisions critiques. Il a \u00e9galement cr\u00e9\u00e9 un outil exceptionnel \u2013 le&nbsp;<strong>PRE-MORTEM<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 qui s\u2019est fait largement conna\u00eetre par son&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2007\/09\/performing-a-project-premortem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">article HBR aussi bref qu\u2019innovant<\/a>, largement repris dans des ouvrages majeurs. Nous en recommandons vivement la mise en oeuvre dans les r\u00e9flexions sur votre \u00e9volution de carri\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hecstories.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/fairebonschoix-182x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25805\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CREER UN RECUL PROSPECTIF<\/strong><br>Dans leur livre \u00ab&nbsp;Decisive&nbsp;\u00bb (publi\u00e9 en fran\u00e7ais sous le titre&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/editions.flammarion.com\/comment-faire-les-bons-choix\/9782081375666\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00ab&nbsp;Comment faire les bons choix&nbsp;\u00bb, Flammarion-Champs, 2017<\/a>),&nbsp;<strong>Chip &amp; Dan Heath<\/strong>&nbsp;r\u00e9sument dans leur chapitre \u00ab&nbsp;D\u00e9limitez l\u2019avenir&nbsp;\u00bb la puissance du pr\u00e9-mortem avec une simple question \u00ab&nbsp;<strong>Imaginons-nous dans un an. Notre d\u00e9cision est un lamentable \u00e9chec. Pourquoi ?<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00bb<br>Ils introduisent le pre-mortem en pr\u00e9sentant une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e par les chercheurs sp\u00e9cialistes de la d\u00e9cision J. Edward Russo et Paul J.H. Schoemaker s\u2019int\u00e9ressant aux personnes adoptant un&nbsp;<strong>style de pens\u00e9e nomm\u00e9 \u00ab&nbsp;recul prospectif&nbsp;\u00bb (qui leur fait regarder en arri\u00e8re depuis une date future)<\/strong>&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;les chercheurs ont d\u00e9crit aux participants un salari\u00e9 qui venait de prendre un nouveau poste, avec une pr\u00e9sentation rapide de l\u2019entreprise et du secteur. La moiti\u00e9 des participants devaient indiquer des raisons plausibles pour lesquelles ce salari\u00e9&nbsp;<em>pourrait<\/em>&nbsp;s\u2019en aller dans les six mois. Ils propos\u00e8rent en moyenne 3,5 raisons chacun. L\u2019autre moiti\u00e9 devait suivre la d\u00e9marche du recul prospectif :&nbsp;<em>Imaginez que six mois se sont \u00e9coul\u00e9s et que le salari\u00e9 vient de s\u2019en aller. Pourquoi est-il parti ?<\/em>&nbsp;Dans ce groupe, les participants propos\u00e8rent 4,4 raisons chacun, soit environ 25% de plus que dans l\u2019autre, et elles tendaient \u00e0 \u00eatre plus pr\u00e9cises et plus pertinentes par rapport au sc\u00e9nario pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 (note HEC Alumni : dans l\u2019article HBR, Gary Klein mentionne une autre \u00e9tude avec le chiffre de 30%). Le recul prospectif semble \u00e9veiller davantage d\u2019id\u00e9es car il nous oblige \u00e0 remplir les blancs entre le moment pr\u00e9sent et un \u00e9v\u00e9nement futur certain (par opposition au processus plus pr\u00e9caire consistant \u00e0 sp\u00e9culer sur un \u00e9v\u00e9nement qui ne se produira peut-\u00eatre pas).&nbsp;\u00bb<br>C\u2019est \u00e0 ce moment de l\u2019ouvrage que les fr\u00e8res Heath introduisent le pre-mortem, qui a poursuivi selon eux le chemin pris par l\u2019AMDE (analyse des modes de d\u00e9faillance et de leurs effets) utilis\u00e9 depuis des d\u00e9cennies dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e et l\u2019administration, avec un<strong>&nbsp;vocable moins technique et plus puissant selon moi car m\u00e9taphorique<\/strong>. Jugez plut\u00f4t : \u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019analyse post-mortem intervient apr\u00e8s un d\u00e9c\u00e8s afin d\u2019en expliquer la cause. Une analyse pre-mortem, au contraire, imagine la \u00ab&nbsp;mort&nbsp;\u00bb future d\u2019un projet afin d\u2019en expliquer la raison. Un groupe qui effectue une analyse pre-mortem part de l\u2019id\u00e9e que l\u2019avenir est sombre :&nbsp;<em>Eh ! oui, douze mois se sont \u00e9coul\u00e9s et notre projet a \u00e9t\u00e9 un fiasco total. Il nous a saut\u00e9 \u00e0 la figure. Pourquoi a-t-il \u00e9chou\u00e9 ?<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb<br>Ils concluent que \u00ab&nbsp;l\u2019AMDE et sa technique soeur, le pre-mortem,&nbsp;<strong>\u00e9vitent de se focaliser sur une anticipation unique, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral optimiste, quant \u00e0 la marche du monde, et obligent au contraire \u00e0 faire attention aux incertitudes des conjectures<\/strong>. L\u2019effort n\u00e9cessaire pour explorer le spectre complet des possibilit\u00e9s et se pr\u00e9parer au pire sc\u00e9nario possible contribue puissamment \u00e0&nbsp;<strong>combattre l\u2019exc\u00e8s de confiance<\/strong>\u2026 Notez que ces correctifs ont en commun un sorte d\u2019<strong>effet anti-orgueil, anti-grosse t\u00eate<\/strong>. Un pr\u00e9-mortem nous oblige \u00e0 nous poser la question :&nbsp;<em>Notre pr\u00e9cieux projet a fait flop. Pourquoi ?<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hecstories.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/systeme1systeme2-182x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25807\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>LIBERER L\u2019IMAGINATION ET EVITER LA PENSEE GREGAIRE<\/strong><br>C\u2019est le psychologue&nbsp;<strong>Daniel Kahneman<\/strong>&nbsp;qui a collabor\u00e9 avec Gary Klein pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es qui compl\u00e8te \u00e0 merveille ce portrait dans son ouvrage \u00ab&nbsp;Thinking Fast and Slow&nbsp;\u00bb (publi\u00e9 en fran\u00e7ais sous le titre&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/editions.flammarion.com\/systeme-1-systeme-2\/9782081307827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00ab&nbsp;Syst\u00e8me1. Syst\u00e8me 2. Les deux vitesses de la pens\u00e9e&nbsp;\u00bb, Flammarion \/ Champs ; 2012-2016<\/a>). Le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre Prix Nobel ass\u00e8ne que selon lui, \u00ab&nbsp;l\u2019exc\u00e8s de confiance est une cons\u00e9quence directe des caract\u00e9ristiques du Syst\u00e8me 1, qu\u2019il est possible d\u2019apprivoiser \u00e0 d\u00e9faut de les soumettre. Le principal obstacle tient \u00e0 ce que&nbsp;<strong>la confiance subjective est d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par la coh\u00e9rence de l\u2019histoire que l\u2019on a b\u00e2tie, non par la qualit\u00e9 ou la quantit\u00e9 de l\u2019information qui la soutient&nbsp;<\/strong>\u00ab&nbsp;.<br>Selon lui, \u00ab&nbsp;les entreprises et institutions sont peut \u00eatre plus aptes \u00e0 dompter l\u2019optimisme et les ego que les individus eux-m\u00eames. La meilleure id\u00e9e en la mati\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 avanc\u00e9e par Gary Klein, mon \u00ab&nbsp;collaborateur de confrontation&nbsp;\u00bb qui, de fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, d\u00e9fend, comme on l\u2019a vu, la prise de d\u00e9cision intuitive contre l\u2019id\u00e9e de biais et est hostile aux algorithmes. Il a surnomm\u00e9 sa proposition le pre-mortem&nbsp;\u00bb.<br>Daniel Kahneman partage alors ses avantages ainsi que les limites qu\u2019il y voit \u00ab&nbsp;<strong>D\u2019habitude, cette id\u00e9e de Gary Klein suscite un enthousiasme imm\u00e9diat. Apr\u00e8s que je l\u2019ai d\u00e9crite dans les grandes lignes lors d\u2019une conf\u00e9rence \u00e0 Davos, quelqu\u2019un derri\u00e8re moi a murmur\u00e9 : \u00ab&nbsp;Rien que pour \u00e7a, cela valait le coup de venir !&nbsp;\u00bb<\/strong>&nbsp;(Je me suis aper\u00e7u par la suite qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait du PDG d\u2019une grande multinationale.)<br>Le&nbsp;<em>pre-mortem<\/em>&nbsp;a deux grands avantages :&nbsp;<strong>il \u00e9vite le mode de pens\u00e9e gr\u00e9gaire<\/strong>&nbsp;qui affecte nombre d\u2019\u00e9quipes une fois qu\u2019une d\u00e9cision a \u00e9t\u00e9 prise, et il&nbsp;<strong>lib\u00e8re l\u2019imagination de gens avertis<\/strong>, l\u2019orientant sur un sujet o\u00f9 l\u2019on en a besoin. Quand une \u00e9quipe s\u2019accorde sur une d\u00e9cision \u2013 surtout quand elle est ent\u00e9rin\u00e9e par le patron \u2013 , les doutes quant au bien-fond\u00e9 de cette action sont peu \u00e0 peu \u00e9limin\u00e9s, et finissent par \u00eatre trait\u00e9s comme des signes d\u2019un manque de loyaut\u00e9 vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019\u00e9quipe et de ses chefs. La neutralisation du doute contribue \u00e0 l\u2019exc\u00e8s de confiance dans un groupe o\u00f9 seuls les partisans de la d\u00e9cision ont la parole. La principale vertu du&nbsp;<em>pre-mortem<\/em>, c\u2019est qu\u2019<strong>il l\u00e9gitime le doute<\/strong>. De plus, il encourage m\u00eame les partisans de la d\u00e9cision \u00e0 identifier des menaces potentielles qu\u2019ils n\u2019avaient pas envisag\u00e9es auparavant.&nbsp;\u00bb<br>En excellent chercheur, Daniel Kahneman conclut par un propos nuanc\u00e9 car le pre-mortem n\u00e9cessite un contexte et tissu relationnel propices pour \u00eatre pleinement utile : \u00ab&nbsp;Le pre-mortem n\u2019est pas une panac\u00e9e et il n\u2019offre pas une protection absolue contre les mauvaises surprises, mais il peut nettement contribuer \u00e0 limiter les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts de plans qui sont victimes des biais de COVERA et de l\u2019optimisme complaisant.&nbsp;\u00bb (COVERA est traduit par \u00ab&nbsp;<em>voir<\/em>&nbsp;ce qu\u2019on voit et rien d\u2019autre&nbsp;\u00bb \/ en anglais, WYSIATI, \u00ab&nbsp;<em>see<\/em>&nbsp;what you see is all there is&nbsp;\u00bb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hecstories.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/hbr-logo-1-300x175.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25822\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>EVITER LE POST-MORTEM<\/strong><br>Je conclus cette introduction en redonnant la parole \u00e0 Gary Klein qui allie humour, finesse et pragmatisme \u00ab&nbsp;A premortem is the hypothetical opposite of a postmortem. A postmortem in a medical setting allows health professionals and the family to learn what caused a patient\u2019s death. Everyone benefits except, of course, the patient. A premortem in a business setting comes at the beginning of a project rather than the end, so that the project can be improved rather than autopsied\u2026&nbsp;<strong>In the end, a premortem may be the best way to circumvent any need for a painful postmortem.<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2007\/09\/performing-a-project-premortem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">HBR Performing a Project PreMortem publi\u00e9 dans le magazine en septembre 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: Pre-Mortem (projects, careers, futures...) with Gary Klein - Consulting &amp; Coaching Club Podcast HEC Alumni\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/23ERooKErK8nI28TVw7eFL?utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce contenu est disponible sur le site HEC Alumni \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse suivante : <a href=\"https:\/\/hecstories.fr\/fr\/podcasts\/futurs-premortem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/hecstories.fr\/fr\/podcasts\/futurs-premortem\/ <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Critical Decisions 1 &amp; 2 \u2013 Redeciding cognitive biases \u2013 Gary Klein (Sources of Power)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gary Klein&nbsp;is a research psychologist famous for pioneering in the field of naturalistic decision-making. He studied how people make life or death decisions under extreme time pressure and uncertainty, especially firefighters, military generals or ICU nurses he has observed on the field. He is the best selling author of \u00ab Sources of Power \u00bb edited by MIT Press, \u00ab Streetlights and Shadows \u00bb and most recently \u00ab Seeing What Others Don\u2019t: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He presented a PreMortem method of risk assessment in 1998, summarized in a classic HBR article, he published in 2009 a joint study with Daniel Kahneman \u00ab Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree \u00bb after several years of collaboration, and he was one of the leaders of a team that redesigned the White House Situation Room. \u00ab Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect \u00bb. Mark Twain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During this phone interview with Gary Klein, who likes to debunk false assumptions and limited beliefs to test how strong our foundations are, we address different questions : \u2013 With such compounding evidence for decades, why are we in 2020 blinded by the truth that outside a laboratory, cognitive biases are not such a problem or don\u2019t even exist ? \u2013 Do decision-makers care about biases ? \u2013 What is the impact of the 2020 crisis on our mental view of the world ? \u2013 How to differentiate true science filled with doubt, humility and curiosity, and researchers who think there is a definitive truth, and believe they have found it ? \u2013 Is there a right way to think ? \u2013 How can we improve decision-making performance in organizations facing critical situations, based on human strengths and capabilities ?<br>For our \u00ab&nbsp;Critical Decisions 2&nbsp;\u00bb interview, we dig deeper\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-anchor-fm-inc wp-block-embed-anchor-fm-inc wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Critical Decisions - Redeciding cognitive biases - Gary Klein (Sources of Power) by HEC Alumni \" src=\"https:\/\/anchor.fm\/consulting-coaching\/embed\/episodes\/Critical-Decisions---Redeciding-cognitive-biases---Gary-Klein-Sources-of-Power-eg7be5#?secret=tG2nhLqVw2\" data-secret=\"tG2nhLqVw2\" height=\"102px\" width=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-anchor-fm-inc wp-block-embed-anchor-fm-inc wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Critical Decisions 2 - Gary Klein - HEC Alumni Consulting &amp; Coaching Club by HEC Alumni \" src=\"https:\/\/anchor.fm\/consulting-coaching\/embed\/episodes\/Critical-Decisions-2---Gary-Klein---HEC-Alumni-Consulting--Coaching-Club-e1hr571#?secret=plhn9Phz7t\" data-secret=\"plhn9Phz7t\" height=\"102px\" width=\"400px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce contenu est disponible sur le site HEC Alumni \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse suivante : <a href=\"https:\/\/hecstories.fr\/fr\/podcasts\/critical-decisions-1-2-redeciding-cognitive-biases-gary-klein-sources-of-power\">https:\/\/hecstories.fr\/fr\/podcasts\/critical-decisions-1-2-redeciding-cognitive-biases-gary-klein-sources-of-power<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>> Below is a podcast interview with Gary Klein (and a bit further down, my first two interviews with Gary<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1105,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,62,52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-coaching-de-carrieres","category-english","category-podcasts"],"magazineBlocksPostFeaturedMedia":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-150x150.jpeg","medium":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-300x178.jpeg","medium_large":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1.jpeg","large":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1.jpeg","1536x1536":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1.jpeg","2048x2048":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1.jpeg","colormag-highlighted-post":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-392x272.jpeg","colormag-featured-post-medium":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-390x205.jpeg","colormag-featured-post-small":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-130x90.jpeg","colormag-featured-image":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1.jpeg","colormag-default-news":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-150x150.jpeg","colormag-featured-image-large":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1.jpeg"},"magazineBlocksPostAuthor":{"name":"Greg Le Roy","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5103d064ec7a487fa072e0c718ca993466c955f411c9eef4ca3dc79121b13c1d?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"magazineBlocksPostCommentsNumber":false,"magazineBlocksPostExcerpt":"> Below is a podcast interview with Gary Klein (and a bit further down, my first two interviews with Gary","magazineBlocksPostCategories":["Coaching de Carri\u00e8re","English","Podcasts"],"magazine_blocks_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1.jpeg",512,304,false],"medium":["https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-300x178.jpeg",300,178,true],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/garyklein-1-150x150.jpeg",150,150,true]},"magazine_blocks_author":{"display_name":"Greg Le Roy","author_link":"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/index.php\/author\/gregcarrieres\/"},"magazine_blocks_comment":0,"magazine_blocks_author_image":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5103d064ec7a487fa072e0c718ca993466c955f411c9eef4ca3dc79121b13c1d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","magazine_blocks_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/index.php\/category\/coaching-de-carrieres\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Coaching de Carri\u00e8re<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/index.php\/category\/english\/\" rel=\"category tag\">English<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carrieres.blog\/index.php\/category\/podcasts\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Podcasts<\/a>","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.6 - 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